a mediterranean flavour

Maltese and Italian don't belong to the same language family. Maltese (Malti in Maltese) is a Semitic language, which means that it is related to languages like Arabic and Hebrew. Italian is a Romance language derived from Latin, the same as Spanish, French and Portuguese. 

Taking this into account, you won't be able to transfer much of your knowledge of Italian grammar to start learning Maltese. Despite this grammatical hurdle, Maltese and Italian do share something important: vocabulary. 

Due to Malta's history and geographical location, Italian and Sicilian (a Romance language spoken on the island of Sicily) have historically influenced the Maltese language. As a result, a large proportion of words in Maltese derive from either Italian or Sicilian.

Your journey in learning Maltese will become easier when you learn how to turn an Italian word into Maltese. Just be aware that these methods don't work all the time!

spelling patterns

An   -s-   between two vowels becomes -ż-:
Italian: causa, presenza
Maltese: kawża, preżenza
English: cause, presence

This also happens when the   -s-   appears before a consonant:
Italian: buddismo, sbaglio
Maltese: buddiżmu, żball
English: Buddhism, mistake

Many   o's    become   u's:
Italian: marzo, inno
Maltese: Marzu, innu
English: March, anthem

Many   e's   become   i's
Italian: arte, pace
Maltese: arti, paċi
English: art, peace

Sometimes both changes even happen within the same word:
Italian: voce
Maltese: vuċi
English: voice

Sometimes   e's   and    o's   disappear at the end of a word
Italian: punto, porto, assolutamente, studente
Maltese: punt, port, assolutament, student
English: point, port, absolutely, student

Soft   c's  become   ċ's
Italian: doccia, cena
Maltese: doċċa, ċena
English: shower, dinner

Hard   c's    and   q's   become   k's:
Italian: unico, qualità
Maltese: uniku, kwalità
English: only, quality

Intervocalic   z's   are always doubled:
Italian: mozione, servizio
Maltese: mozzjoni, servizz
English: motion, servizio

If an -i-  appears before or after a vowel it will become a   -j-    in Maltese:
Italian: serie, Giamaica
Maltese: serje, Ġamajka
English: series, Jamaica

If a   -u-   appears before or after a vowel it will become a   -w-    in Maltese:
Italian: autore, quasi
Maltese: awtur, kważi
English: author, nearly

-Gn-   can become either -nn   or -nj-   and   -gli-   can become either   -ll   or   -lj-.
In this case, determining whether it's one ending or the other is simple.
If the Maltese word drops the final consonant and you're left with a   -gn-   or   -gli-   and nothing follows it, they will become  -nn    and   -ll:

Italian: bisogno, impegno, dettaglio, consiglio
Maltese: bżonn, impenn, dettall, kunsill
English: necessity, commitment, detail, council

If   -gn-   and -gli-   are between vowels they will become   -nj-   and   -lj-   in Maltese:
Italian: dignità, montagna, biglietto, luglio
Maltese: dinjità, muntanja, biljett, Lulju
English: dignity, mountain, ticket, July

Soft   -sc-   becomes   -xx-   between vowels and   -x-   at the beginning of words:
Italian: disciplina, liscio, scienza, asciugamano
Maltese: dixxiplina, lixx, xjenza, xugaman
English: discipline, smooth, science, towel

check your endings

Taking into account the spelling changes above it would be useful for you to learn about how to turn Italian suffixes into Maltese. This will help you further increase your Maltese vocabulary.

-mente/mento becomes -ment:
Italian: finalmente, veramente, momento, parlamento
Maltese: finalment, verament, mument, parlament
English: finally, really, moment, parliament

-ore becomes -ur:
Italian: direttore, traduttore
Maltese: direttur, traduttur
English: director, translator

-ano becomes -an:
Italian: oceano, umano
Maltese: oċean, uman
English: ocean, human

-ese becomes -iż or -iża:
Italian: portoghese
Maltese: Portugiż/Portugiża
English: Portuguese

-zione becomes -zzjoni/zzjon:
Italian: nazione, reazione
Maltese: nazzjon, reazzjoni
English: nation, reaction

-ia becomes -ja/-ija:
Italian: Italia, zia
Maltese: Italja, zija
English: Italy, aunt

-ato becomes -at:
Italian: avvocato, privato
Maltese: avukat, privat
English: lawyer, private

-oso/-osa becomes -uż/-uża:
Italian: confuso, nervoso, misteriosa, famosa
Maltese: konfuż, nervuż, misterjuża, famuża
English: confused, nervous, mysterious, famous 

-ismo/-esimo becomes -iżmu:
Italian: monoteismo, cristianesimo
Maltese: monoteiżmu, kristjianiżmu
English: Monotheism, Christianity

Some suffixes don't change from one language to another:
-ata:
 Italian: adottata, separata
Maltese: adottata, separata
English: adopted, separated

-tura:
Italian: cultura, pittura 
Maltese: kultura, pittura
English: culture, painting

-tà:
Italian: libertà, realtà
Maltese: libertà, realtà
English: freedom, reality

-ista:
Italian: dentista, rivista
Maltese: dentista, rivista
English: dentist, magazine

more than one

When it comes to making a word plural in Italian you have to follow a set of rules. Maltese also has various ways of pluralising words.  

If a Maltese word derives from Italian, you just change the last vowel to an   -i,    add an  -i  or   -ijiet  if the word ends in a consonant. Let's see some examples:
Italian: quadro → quadri,   utente →  utenti
Maltese: kwadru → quadri, utent → utenti 
English: square → squares,   user  →  users

In Italian, words that end in an accented vowel stay the same in the plural form. In Maltese, you add   -jiet:
Italian: età → età
Maltese: età → etajiet
English: age → ages

Some words change completely, becoming what is known as a broken plural, a common feature found in Semitic languages:
Italian: giornata → giornate, scuola → scuole
Maltese: ġurnata → ġranet, skola → skejjel
English: day → days, school → schools​

conjugate your verbs

Maltese has also borrowed many verbs from Italian. Still, conjugating a verb in Maltese is very different from Italian. In Maltese, you keep the stem of the verb, which is the verb in the past and the 3rd person. Then you add a prefix and/or suffix to the verb: 
n-, t-, j-, t-, n- -u (or w if the verb ends in a vowel), t- -u (or w if the verb ends in a vowel), j- -u (or w if the verb ends in a vowel)

Taking this into account, let's learn how to conjugate a verb in the present tense:

Step 1: Take a verb (in Italian) in the 3rd person singular form (lui/lei) 
canta (he sings)

Step 2: Add conjugations
nkanta (io canto, I sing)
tkanta (tu canti, you sing)
jkanta (lui canta, he sings)
tkanta (lei canta, she sings)
nkantaw (noi cantiamo, we sing)
tkantaw (voi cantate, you plural sing)
jkantaw (loro cantano, they sing)

If you want to express the future you just add   se    before the verb in the present:

nkanta (io canterò,    I will sing)
tkanta (tu canterai,   you will sing)
jkanta (lui canterà,   he will sing)
tkanta (lei canterà,   she will sings)
nkantaw  (noi canteremo, we will sing)
tkantaw    (voi canterete, you plural will sing)
jkantaw  (loro canteranno, they will sing)

The verb in the past will take the following verb endings: -jt, -jt, -, -t, -jna, -jtu, -w

So the process of conjugating the verb in the past is as follows.
Step 1: Take a verb (in Italian) in the 3rd person singular form (lui/lei) 
canta (he sings)

Step 2: Add conjugations
kantajt    (io cantai,   I sang)
kantajt   (tu cantasti,   you sang)
kanta (lui cantò,   he sang)
kantat    (lei cantò,   she sang)
kantajna    (noi cantammo, we sang)
kantajtu   (voi cantaste, you plural sang)
kantaw   (loro cantarono, they sang)

vocabulary is key

Maltese vocabulary is composed of words from different origins. The three main components are Semitic (words derived from Arabic), Romance (words derived from Italian, Sicilian and French) and Germanic (derived from English). Each of these lexical components of Maltese is more prominent in different areas of the spoken and written language. 

You will notice that Romance vocabulary features more prominently in words belonging to politics, economy and society. Many terms are reminiscent of those used in Standard Italian:

For example in the field of politics you can find, politiku (Italian: politiko English: politician), gvern (Italian: governo English: government) or il-Ministero għall-Ġustizzja (Italian: ministero della giustizia English: Ministry of Justice).

When it comes to the economy you can find, Bank Ċentrali (Italian: banco centrale English: central bank), ekonomija (Italian: economia English: economy) and importazzjoni (Italian: importazione English: importation).

In terms of society you can find, università (Italian: università English: university), mediċina (Italian: medicina English: medicine) or letteratura (Italian: letteratura English: literature).

Names of continents, countries and cities are usually derived directly from Italian as you can see below:

Ewropa, Italja, Ruma    (Europa, Italia, Roma) (Europe, Italy, Rome)
Asja, Libanu, Bejrut    (Asia, Libano, Beirut) (Asia, Lebanon, Beirut)
Afrika, Marokk, Rabat   (Africa, Marocco, Rabat) (Africa, Morocco, Rabat)
Oċeanja, Awstralja, Canberra   (Oceania, Australia, Canberra) (Australasia, Australia, Canberra)
Amerika t'Isfel*, Urugwaj, Montevideo    (America del Sud, Uruguay, Montevideo) (South America, Uruguay, Montevideo)
Amerika ta' Fuq*, Stati Uniti, Washington DC    (America del Nord, Stati Uniti, Washington DC) (North America, United States, Washington DC)
*cardinal points in Maltese are Semitic in origin

The same occurs with the periodic table which takes Italian as its linguistic reference: Here are the first ten elements:
Maltese: idroġenu, elju, litju, berillju, karbonju, ażotu, ossiġenu, fluworu, neon
Italian: idrogeno, elio, litio, berillio, boro, carbonio, azoto, ossigeno, fluoro, neon
English: hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon

Due to the richness of Maltese vocabulary, you can at times find that certain terms have different synonyms coming from different linguistic origins. Here are some examples:

Semitic Maltese: jum, ħieles, imma
Romance Maltese: ġurnata, liberu, però
Italian: giorno, libero, ma/però
English: day, free, but/however

Romance Maltese: televiżjoni
Germanic (English) Maltese: televixin
Italian: televisione
English: television

immerse yourself in linguistic history

Maltese is a language with a rich history and is most certainly a clear reflection of its position between Europe and North Africa. 
Despite their differences, you can still pick out specific linguistic patterns to be able to transfer your knowledge of Italian to start developing your Maltese language skills.
Learn Maltese to immerse yourself and experience the history of the Mediterranean!

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